Evidence for positive selection in the TLR9 gene of teleosts.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as key sensors of invading microbes by identifying pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activating innate immune responses. Whereas purifying selection has been suggested in mammalian TLR9, evolutionary features of TLR9 in teleosts have not been investigated in detail. We therefore analysed TLR9 DNA sequences of eight teleost species, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), and five seabreams. Eleven sites subjected to positive selection were identified using the codon-substitution models of PAML 3.15. Ten of these 11 sites were found to be associated with leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Seven of these 10 positively selected sites were associated with the convex surface of the LRR solenoids, leading to variations of the structures of the LRRs possibly by the introduction of flexibility into the LRR solenoids. The positive selection of LRRs in TLR9 may indicate the adaptation of teleosts to different oligodeoxynucleotides present in different bacterial species.