Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks and containment of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Tokyo hospital.

We witnessed outbreaks of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a hospital in Tokyo, Japan, during the period September 2004 through May 2005. The first outbreak occurred in September and October 2004. Three isolates of MDR P. aeruginosa were identified from urine samples obtained from three nonambulatory immunodeficient patients in one ward. After 3 weeks, another outbreak of P. aeruginosa occurred in the hematology ward on the same floor of the hospital. During the outbreaks, environmental surveys were conducted twice in each of the two wards, at 2-week intervals, to identify the sources of the pathogens. A total of 23 P. aeruginosa isolates, including 11 from environmental sources, were analyzed for chromosomal DNA typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, for O-antigen serotyping, and for other typing. Results revealed two causative clones, as well as environmental contamination by P. aeruginosa clones on the surfaces of urine volume-measuring devices in rooms where urine is handled, which may have been sources of the pathogens during the outbreaks. To prevent further outbreaks, we performed the following: (a) environmental surface monitoring for drug-resistant P. aeruginosa, (b) active surveillance of specimens, (c) strict isolation of infected patients or carriers of MDR P. aeruginosa, (d) rigorous contact precautions, and (e) disinfection with 70% alcohol on the surfaces of apparatuses contaminated by MDR or drug-resistant P. aeruginosa and in the rooms where urine is handled. As a result, the outbreaks were contained.