Genotoxicity of total and fractionated extractable organic matter in fine air particulate matter from urban Guangzhou: comparison between haze and nonhaze episodes.

To investigate the genotoxic potencies of extractable organic matter (EOM) in aerosols, fine air particulate matter (PM(2.5)) was collected simultaneously at a roadside (1.2 m above ground) and at a rooftop location (50 m above ground) in urban Guangzhou (China) during a nonhaze period in September 2006 and a haze period in October 2006. Particle-bound organics were extracted and separated into aliphatic, aromatic, and polar fractions. The genotoxicity of total and fractionated extracts were tested by single-cell electrophoresis (comet assay) with human blood lymphocytes. The PM(2.5) concentrations usually exceeded the U.S. National Ambient Air-Quality Standard level (65 microg/m(3)) at both the roadside and the rooftop. During nonhaze days, the roadside samples showed substantially higher PM(2.5) levels (108-130 microg/m(3)) and significantly higher genotoxic effects of total and fractionated EOM (p < 0.05 for >10 m(3) air equivalent/ml) than the rooftop samples. During haze days, however, PM(2.5) levels and genotoxic potencies of rooftop samples were drastically elevated and comparable to those of roadside samples, implying that during haze episodes, most people in the urban area are exposed to PM(2.5) pollution as serious as in the heavily polluted roadside microenvironment. All total EOM samples showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-response effects, and their effects as olive tail moment were less than the sums of the three fractions. Aromatic fractions of EOM exhibited the greatest genotoxic potencies, but polar fractions also contributed substantially to DNA-damaging effects. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated derivatives likely are the most important species responsible for the genotoxicity of EOM in PM(2.5).