Uremic toxins: what are they? An integrated overview of pathobiology and classification.

Toxic substances, known as uremic toxins, accumulate in body fluids during the course of progressive, chronic kidney disease. This article will briefly summarize current views on the definition, physico-chemical characteristics, pathobiological mechanisms for generation and retention, and cellular pathophysiology of uremic toxins. In addition, this article will attempt to integrate these disparate phenomena into a systems biology approach as to how such toxins lead to the diverse clinical manifestations so characteristic of the uremic state.