Recent insights in the pharmacological actions of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

This review presents recent data supporting the methotrexate (MTX) mechanisms of action, which are likely to account for its anti-proliferative and immunosuppressive effects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The effects of MTX in vivo may be mediated by reducing cell proliferation, increasing the rate of apoptosis of T cells, increasing endogenous adenosine release, altering the expression of cellular adhesion molecules, influencing production of cytokines, humoral responses and bone formation. Several reports indicate that the effects of MTX are influenced by genetic variants, specific dynamic processes and micro-environmental elements such as nucleotide deprivation or glutathione levels. The challenge for the future will be linking biological and genetic markers relevant to the response to MTX in RA.