Epicardial left ventricular mapping using subxiphoid video pericardioscopy.

We report a novel subxiphoid video pericardioscopy approach for epicardial mapping that allows direct visualization of the epicardium with minimal use of fluoroscopy. The FLEXview system (Boston Scientific Cardiac Surgery, Santa Clara, CA), which is capable of a free navigation around the heart owing to its flexible neck, was inserted into the pericardial space through a small subxiphoid incision. A commercially available mapping catheter advanced through the working port of the device could be navigated around virtually the entire biventricular epicardial surface. The subxiphoid video pericardioscopy approach using the FLEXview system provided adequate visualization and access to the epicardium of both ventricles for electroanatomic mapping while minimizing surgical invasiveness.