From regulation of dying cell engulfment to development of anti-cancer therapy.

Cell death and efficient engulfment of dying cells ensure tissue homeostasis and is involved in pathogenesis. Clearance of dying cells is a complex and dynamic process coordinated by interplay between ligands on dying cell, bridging molecules, and receptors on engulfing cells. In this review, we will discuss recent advances and significance of molecular changes on the surface of dying cells implicated in their recognition and clearance as well as factors released by dying cells that attract macrophages to the site of cell death. It is now becoming apparent that phagocytes use a specific set of mechanisms to discriminate between live and dead cells, and this phenomenon will be illustrated here. Next, we will discuss potential mechanisms by which removal of dying cells could modulate immune responses of phagocytes, in particular of macrophages. Finally, we will address possible strategies for manipulating the immunogenicity of dying cells in experimental cancer therapies.