Immune response of turbot, Psetta maxima (L.) (Pisces: Teleostei), to formalin-killed scuticociliates (Ciliophora) and adjuvanted formulations.

The increasing frequency of scuticociliatosis in turbot culture has stressed the need of knowledge on the immune responses to these parasites, for further developing of prevention and control strategies. The immune response of turbot to killed parasites, alone (Ag) or in combination with Montanide ISA 763A (MON), was studied in a laboratory-scale experiment. The variations of several innate immune factors and the antibody response were analysed in immunized vs. non-immunized fish at different times after immunization, and also after a challenge with live ciliates. Amongst innate immune factors, serum lysozyme increased progressively in all inoculated groups. Differences in innate immune factors in Ag and Ag-MON fish with respect to controls were mainly evidenced after challenge, especially for serum complement. Serum antibody levels increased in immunized fish after booster and particularly after challenge. In addition, certain protection was obtained for immunized groups compared to controls or to fish receiving MON alone, and the levels of specific antibodies were also the highest in immunized groups. The obtained information could be useful for further design of immunoprophylactic formulations against scuticociliatosis.