Sirtuins, nuclear hormone receptor acetylation and transcriptional regulation.

Endocrine signaling via nuclear receptors (NRs) is known to play an important role in normal physiology as well as in human tumor progression. Hormones regulate gene expression by altering local chromatin structure and, thereby, accessibility of transcriptional co-regulators to DNA. Recently it has been shown that non-histone proteins involved in hormone signaling, such as nuclear receptors and NR co-activators, are regulated by acetylation, resulting in their altered transcriptional activity. NAD-dependent protein deacetylases, the sirtuins (Sir2-related enzymes), directly modify NRs. Because sirtuins have been shown to regulate tumor cellular growth, aging, metabolic signaling and endocrine hormone signaling, they might play a role in cancer progression. This review focuses on the role of acetylation and the sirtuins in nuclear hormone receptor signaling.