Functional development of the ovarian noradrenergic innervation.

A substantial fraction of the noradrenergic innervation targeting the mammalian ovary is provided by neurons of the celiac ganglion. Although studies in the rat have shown that noradrenergic nerves reach the ovary near the time of birth, it is unknown how the functional capacity of this innervation unfolds during postnatal ovarian development. To address this issue, we assessed the ability of the developing ovary to incorporate and release (3)H-norepinephrine. Incorporation of (3)H-norepinephrine was low during the first 3 wk of postnatal life, but pharmacological inhibition of norepinephrine (NE) neuronal uptake with cocaine showed that an intact transport mechanism for NE into nerve terminals is already in place by the first week after birth. Consistent with this functional assessment, the mRNA encoding the NE transporter was also expressed in the celiac ganglion at this time. During neonatal-infantile development [postnatal (PN) d 5-20], the spontaneous, vesicle-independent outflow of recently taken up NE was high, but the NE output in response to K(+)-induced depolarization was low. After PN d 20, spontaneous outflow decreased and the response to K(+) increased markedly, reaching maximal values by the time of puberty. Tyramine-mediated displacement of NE stored in vesicles, which displace vesicular NE, showed that vesicle-dependent NE storage becomes functional by PN d 12 and that vesicular release increases during the juvenile-peripubertal phases of sexual development. These results indicate that vesicular release of NE from ovarian noradrenergic nerves begins to operate by the third week of postnatal life, becoming fully functional near the time of puberty.