Jia Cheng1, Yu-feng Wang. 1. Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine postural control between normal and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) boys, and compare the development characters. METHODS: In the study, 146 ADHD boys and 84 normal boys participated, ages being between 7 and 12 years. Balance Master was used to assess posture control. Posture stabilities were tested under 4 different conditions (firm surface with eyes open, firm surface with eyes closed, foam pad with eyes open, foam pad with eyes closed). We tested three times for one condition, 20 s per time. The mean sway velocity was recorded. RESULTS: (1) Normal boys: In firm surface with eyes open, analyses of variance between normal boys revealed no significant differences between different age groups, and the 11- and 12-year-old group did not achieve scores comparable to the adult (t=6.145, P<0.001). In firm surface with eyes closed and, foam pad with eyes open analyses revealed significant differences between the 7- and 8-year-old and 9- and 10-year-old groups[firm surface with eyes closed, 7- and 8-year-old (0.65+/-0.35) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.45+/-0.19) degrees/s, P<0.05; foam pad with eyes open, 7- and 8-year-old (0.98+/-0.38) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.80+/-0.25) degrees/s, P<0.05] and the 11- and 12-year-old group did not achieve scores comparable to the adult (t=5.059, 6.206, P<0.001). In foam pad with eyes closed, analyses revealed significant differences between 7- and 8-year-old and 9- and 10-year-old groups [7- and 8-year-old (1.65+/-0.58) degrees /s,9- and 10-year-old (1.34+/-0.42) degrees/s, P<0.05], the 11- and 12-year-old group achieving scores comparable to the adult. (2) ADHD boys: Analyses of variance between ADHD boys, under the four different conditions, revealed significant differences between 7- and 8-year-old and 9- and 10-year-old [firm surface with eyes open, 7- and 8-year-old (0.81+/-0.31) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.63+/-0.28) degrees/s, P<0.01; firm surface with eyes close, 7- and 8-year-old (0.91+/-0.46) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.70+/-0.49) degrees/s, P<0.05; foam pad with eyes open, 7- and 8-year-old (1.31+/-0.56) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (1.10+/-0.43) degrees/s, P<0.05; foam pad with eyes close, 7- and 8-year-old (2.19+/-0.88) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (1.85+/-0.78) degrees/s, P<0.05], and also significant differences between 9- and 10-year-old and 11- and 12-year-old groups[firm surface with eyes open, 9- and 10-year-old (0.63+/-0.28) degrees/s,11- and 12-year-old (0.46+/-0.21) degrees/s, P<0.01; firm surface with eyes close, 9- and 10-year-old (0.70+/-0.49) degrees/s, 11- and 12-year-old (0.47+/-0.31) degrees/s, P<0.01; foam pad with eyes open, 9- and 10-year-old (1.10+/-0.43) degrees/s, 11- and 12-year-old (0.83+/-0.27) degrees/s, P<0.001; foam pad with eyes close, 9- and 10-year-old (1.85+/-0.78) degrees/s, 11- and 12-year-old (1.44+/-0.56) degrees/s, P<0.01]. (3) Comparison of postural control between normal and ADHD boys: In firm surface with eyes open, analyses revealed the 7- and 8-year-old group swayed higher in ADHD group than in normal control(t=2.700, P<0.05), in the other three conditions there was a significant tendency. In the four conditions, the 9- and 10-year-old group swayed higher in ADHD group than in normal control (t=2.968,2.982, 3.851,3.629, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that children do not demonstrate adult-like use of sensory information at the ages of 11 and 12 years. ADHD boys have a lower posture control ability than normal boys.
OBJECTIVE: To examine postural control between normal and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) boys, and compare the development characters. METHODS: In the study, 146 ADHDboys and 84 normal boys participated, ages being between 7 and 12 years. Balance Master was used to assess posture control. Posture stabilities were tested under 4 different conditions (firm surface with eyes open, firm surface with eyes closed, foam pad with eyes open, foam pad with eyes closed). We tested three times for one condition, 20 s per time. The mean sway velocity was recorded. RESULTS: (1) Normal boys: In firm surface with eyes open, analyses of variance between normal boys revealed no significant differences between different age groups, and the 11- and 12-year-old group did not achieve scores comparable to the adult (t=6.145, P<0.001). In firm surface with eyes closed and, foam pad with eyes open analyses revealed significant differences between the 7- and 8-year-old and 9- and 10-year-old groups[firm surface with eyes closed, 7- and 8-year-old (0.65+/-0.35) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.45+/-0.19) degrees/s, P<0.05; foam pad with eyes open, 7- and 8-year-old (0.98+/-0.38) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.80+/-0.25) degrees/s, P<0.05] and the 11- and 12-year-old group did not achieve scores comparable to the adult (t=5.059, 6.206, P<0.001). In foam pad with eyes closed, analyses revealed significant differences between 7- and 8-year-old and 9- and 10-year-old groups [7- and 8-year-old (1.65+/-0.58) degrees /s,9- and 10-year-old (1.34+/-0.42) degrees/s, P<0.05], the 11- and 12-year-old group achieving scores comparable to the adult. (2) ADHDboys: Analyses of variance between ADHDboys, under the four different conditions, revealed significant differences between 7- and 8-year-old and 9- and 10-year-old [firm surface with eyes open, 7- and 8-year-old (0.81+/-0.31) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.63+/-0.28) degrees/s, P<0.01; firm surface with eyes close, 7- and 8-year-old (0.91+/-0.46) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (0.70+/-0.49) degrees/s, P<0.05; foam pad with eyes open, 7- and 8-year-old (1.31+/-0.56) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (1.10+/-0.43) degrees/s, P<0.05; foam pad with eyes close, 7- and 8-year-old (2.19+/-0.88) degrees/s, 9- and 10-year-old (1.85+/-0.78) degrees/s, P<0.05], and also significant differences between 9- and 10-year-old and 11- and 12-year-old groups[firm surface with eyes open, 9- and 10-year-old (0.63+/-0.28) degrees/s,11- and 12-year-old (0.46+/-0.21) degrees/s, P<0.01; firm surface with eyes close, 9- and 10-year-old (0.70+/-0.49) degrees/s, 11- and 12-year-old (0.47+/-0.31) degrees/s, P<0.01; foam pad with eyes open, 9- and 10-year-old (1.10+/-0.43) degrees/s, 11- and 12-year-old (0.83+/-0.27) degrees/s, P<0.001; foam pad with eyes close, 9- and 10-year-old (1.85+/-0.78) degrees/s, 11- and 12-year-old (1.44+/-0.56) degrees/s, P<0.01]. (3) Comparison of postural control between normal and ADHDboys: In firm surface with eyes open, analyses revealed the 7- and 8-year-old group swayed higher in ADHD group than in normal control(t=2.700, P<0.05), in the other three conditions there was a significant tendency. In the four conditions, the 9- and 10-year-old group swayed higher in ADHD group than in normal control (t=2.968,2.982, 3.851,3.629, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that children do not demonstrate adult-like use of sensory information at the ages of 11 and 12 years. ADHDboys have a lower posture control ability than normal boys.