Binding of bivalent cations by hyaluronate in aqueous solution.

The interaction between sodium hyaluronate and bivalent cations was investigated by conductometry, viscosimetry, circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is shown that the hyaluronate chains (Mn approximately 4.0 x 10(5)-1.7 x 10(6)g/mol) bind various bivalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+) at pH 6 in aqueous solutions. Hyaluronate deriving from Streptococcus equi was studied in comparison with dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides which was shown to develop no specific interactions with the bivalent cations. The molar relation between the bivalent cations and the disaccharide units of the resulting complex was determined with the result that one bivalent cation is bound by approximately five disaccharide units. Heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+) seem to bind stronger to the hyaluronate chain than their lighter counterparts (Ca2+, Mg2+). Circular dichroism spectra of the hyaluronate exhibit a cation-induced change in the n-pi* transition, indicating that the acetamide group of the aminoglucane unit is involved during the complexation. NMR spectra of hyaluronic acid in presence of paramagnetic manganese cations show strong interactions between the acetamide as well as the carboxylate groups and the cations. Based on these data, a structure of the binding complex is proposed which involves two disaccharide units.