Tracheal replacements: Part 2.

In this review, we summarize the history of tracheal reconstruction and replacement as well as progress in current tracheal substitutes. In Part 1, we covered the historical highlights of grafts, flaps, tube construction, and tissue transplants and addressed the progress made in tracheal stenting as a means of temporary tracheal support. In Part 2 we analyze solid and porous tracheal prostheses in experimental and clinical trials and provide a summary of efforts aimed at generating a bioengineered trachea. In both parts, we provide an algorithm on the spectrum of options available for tracheal replacement.