Pigment epithelium-derived factor induces THP-1 macrophage apoptosis and necrosis by the induction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent anti-angiogenic factor, partially through the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis. Here we report that PEDF can also induce the apoptosis of human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cell line-derived macrophage cells (THP-1 macrophages) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a pleiotropic transcriptional factor is involved in the signaling. TUNEL and propidium iodide permeability assays demonstrated that PEDF dose- and time-dependently induces both apoptosis and necrosis of THP-1 macrophages while inducing the cleavages of procaspase-9, -3, the release of cytochrome c and the overexpression of p53. All these PEDF effects can be attenuated by either PPARgamma inhibitor GW9662 or PPARgamma small interfering RNA. The effects of PEDF can be reproduced by transient expression of PPARgamma by a PPARgamma-expression plasmid transfection. PEDF increased the expression and transcriptional activity of PPARgamma in THP-1 macrophages. In addition, PEDF also induced apoptosis in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) while inducing the expression of PPARgamma. Our observations indicate that PEDF induces macrophage apoptosis and necrosis through the signaling of PPARgamma. This suggests a novel mechanism through which PEDF can modulate inflammation.