Vascular complications of scleroderma.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multiorgan disease characterized by injury to vascular wall and extensive damage of the microvessels. The injury of the vascular wall is characterized by the formation of megacapillaries and avascular areas. The reduced capillary density leads to clinical manifestations such as digital ulcers. These lesions are extremely painful and lead to substantial functional disability. Management of digital ulcers includes non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic modalities. Despite the reduced blood flow and reduced partial oxygen pressure levels, there is paradoxically no evidence for a sufficient angiogenesis in the skin of patients with SSc. Angiogenesis is strongly disturbed in SSc, as demonstrated by Nailfold Video-Capillaroscopy changes, the damage of the vessels evolves progressively from early to late stages and is characterized by different morphological aspects. Almost all patients develop Raynaud's phenomenon which, together with structural vasculopathy, results in ulceration and critical digital ischemia. Many of the severe internal organ complications of SSc are vascular, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and scleroderma renal crisis. Structural vascular damage occurs in many vascular beds and contribute to pulmonary, renal, cardiac and gastrointestinal complications. SSc has a high case-specific mortality due to organ-based complications including PAH, lung fibrosis, renal failure and involvement of the gastrointestinal tract.