Pharmacological properties of the active metabolites of the antidepressants desipramine and citalopram.

Although major metabolites of some antidepressant drugs are known to be active, their pharmacological effects are poorly characterized. Two of the most selective antidepressants, desipramine (selectively inhibits norepinephrine reuptake) and citalopram (selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake) are frequently used in animal studies of antidepressant action, as well as being useful therapeutically. The primary aim of this study was to determine the affinity of desmethyldesipramine, an active metabolite of desipramine, for the rat norepinephrine and serotonin transporters, as well as for the rat alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. The pharmacological characteristics of desmethyldesipramine and desmethylcitalopram, an active metabolite of citalopram, were also determined for various human transporters and neurotransmitter receptors. Competition binding studies using [(3)H]nisoxetine and [(3)H]citalopram showed desipramine to be 25 times more selective for the rat norepinephrine as compared to serotonin transporter (6.2 nM vs. 158 nM) whereas desmethyldesipramine is 12 times more selective for the serotonin over the norepinephrine transporter (12.8 nM vs. 153 nM). Interestingly, the affinity of desmethyldesipramine for the serotonin transporter is similar to the affinity of desipramine for the norepinephrine transporter. Desipramine and desmethyldesipramine were found to have a lower affinity for the rat alpha(2A(D))-adrenoceptor than the transporters, suggesting that this receptor is not a major site of action for either compound. Thus, the pharmacological effects of desipramine in rats may be attributed not only to the inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter by desipramine but also to the inhibition of serotonin transporter by the active metabolite desmethyldesipramine.