The use of long-term low-molecular weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in palliative care patients with advanced cancer: a case series of sixty two patients.

The advantages of low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) over warfarin, in the treatment of cancer associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) are well reported. However the studies supporting LMWH include few patients representative of the palliative care population. Although LMWH has advantages over warfarin it is still unclear, within the palliative care environment, how long anticoagulation should be continued, what dose of LMWH should be used and whether palliative care patients experience different complication rates such as bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and osteoporosis. We report a case series of 62 patients with advanced malignancy and VTE treated with long-term LMWH according to either the CLOT (full dose) or Montreal (reduced dose) regime. Seventy-four percent of patients self-administered LMWH, whereas 24% had it given by a carer and 2% by the district nurse. LMWH was given for median duration of 97 days; the most common reason for discontinuation of therapy being admission to die or commencement of the care pathway (n = 50, 81%). A further 11% (n = 7) stopped after 6 months of treatment. Of these 3 (43%) developed clinical symptomatic recurrence of VTE. The overall minor bleeding rate was 8.1% (95% confidence interval 3.5-17.5%), and this was not associated with NSAID or steroid use. No major bleeding events were observed. No patients developed evidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or osteoporosis.Long-term LMWH appears effective in treatment of VTE in the palliative care population with advanced cancer. A randomised control trial is required to identify the best dose required to ensure optimum efficacy and safety.