Sandeep Chadha1, Vanita Jain, Indu Gupta, Madhu Khullar. 1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of nitric oxide metabolites as markers of infection in subjects with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PTPROM). PTPROM means that there was spontaneous rupture of fetal membrane before the onset of labor and gestational age was <37 weeks. This occurs because of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase. The cause of this imbalance that leads to degradation of collagen causing PTPROM is infection. The bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal and tumoricidal activities of macrophages are determined in part by elaboration of nitric oxide, hence nitric oxide levels have been found to be increased in infections. METHODS: During an 18-month period 50 women with preterm labor or PTPROM and 50 controls were enrolled prospectively. Blood and urine samples were obtained for analysis of nitric oxide metabolites. Patients with known causes of preterm labor were excluded. RESULT: The nitric oxide metabolites, which included both nitrite levels and citrulline levels were significantly higher both in blood as well as urine in patients with preterm labor and PTPROM compared to controls. Serum nitrite levels in subjects with preterm labor were 376.5 +/- 345 nmol/L while in subjects with PTPROM they were 295.7 +/- 161.1 nmol/L and in controls the levels were 62.7 +/- 33.9 nmol/L. Serum citrulline levels in subjects with preterm labor were 5293.8 +/- 2916.7 nmol/L; in PTPROM they were 6536.6 +/- 609.91 nmol/L and in controls they were 949.8 +/- 67.1 nmol/L. On comparing patients with preterm labor, those in whom preterm labor could not be inhibited had statistically significant higher levels of nitrite in both serum and urine (482.9 +/- 387.7 nmol/L and 754.5 +/- 336.5 nmol/L, respectively) compared to patients in whom labor could be inhibited (172.2 +/- 61.9 nmol/L and 401.8 +/- 236.9 nmol/L, respectively). The citrulline levels were also higher among the group who delivered preterm for both serum and urine (5355.4 +/- 3229.7 nmol/L and 11 482.8 +/- 2541.4 nmol/L, respectively) compared to patients in whom labor could be inhibited (5260.2 +/- 2897.08 nmol/L and 10 651.4 +/- 1502.7 nmol/L, respectively) but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Higher nitric oxide metabolites in women with preterm labor are marker of subclinical infection.
AIM: To investigate the role of nitric oxide metabolites as markers of infection in subjects with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes (PTPROM). PTPROM means that there was spontaneous rupture of fetal membrane before the onset of labor and gestational age was <37 weeks. This occurs because of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase. The cause of this imbalance that leads to degradation of collagen causing PTPROM is infection. The bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal and tumoricidal activities of macrophages are determined in part by elaboration of nitric oxide, hence nitric oxide levels have been found to be increased in infections. METHODS: During an 18-month period 50 women with preterm labor or PTPROM and 50 controls were enrolled prospectively. Blood and urine samples were obtained for analysis of nitric oxide metabolites. Patients with known causes of preterm labor were excluded. RESULT: The nitric oxide metabolites, which included both nitrite levels and citrulline levels were significantly higher both in blood as well as urine in patients with preterm labor and PTPROM compared to controls. Serum nitrite levels in subjects with preterm labor were 376.5 +/- 345 nmol/L while in subjects with PTPROM they were 295.7 +/- 161.1 nmol/L and in controls the levels were 62.7 +/- 33.9 nmol/L. Serum citrulline levels in subjects with preterm labor were 5293.8 +/- 2916.7 nmol/L; in PTPROM they were 6536.6 +/- 609.91 nmol/L and in controls they were 949.8 +/- 67.1 nmol/L. On comparing patients with preterm labor, those in whom preterm labor could not be inhibited had statistically significant higher levels of nitrite in both serum and urine (482.9 +/- 387.7 nmol/L and 754.5 +/- 336.5 nmol/L, respectively) compared to patients in whom labor could be inhibited (172.2 +/- 61.9 nmol/L and 401.8 +/- 236.9 nmol/L, respectively). The citrulline levels were also higher among the group who delivered preterm for both serum and urine (5355.4 +/- 3229.7 nmol/L and 11 482.8 +/- 2541.4 nmol/L, respectively) compared to patients in whom labor could be inhibited (5260.2 +/- 2897.08 nmol/L and 10 651.4 +/- 1502.7 nmol/L, respectively) but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Higher nitric oxide metabolites in women with preterm labor are marker of subclinical infection.