The treatment of adolescents presenting with a varicocele.

In the last 10 years there have been many reports of children and adolescents with varicocele, but virtually none from the UK. There is an increasing incidence with age, to 19% by the age of 19 years. There is some evidence that a varicocele impairs the development of the affected testis; 9.3% of boys of 19 years old have a small testis as a result. Some aspects of testicular function are compromised. Treatment of the varicocele allows compensatory growth and testicular function. The surgical technique must be meticulous to avoid complications, particularly the formation of a hydrocele. Despite much research, the effect on fertility is unknown. The incidence of varicocele is much higher than that of male factor infertility. It is not known whether varicocele in adolescence impairs fertility or whether surgery restores fertility. At present the main indications for surgery are persistent delay in growth of >20%, bilateral varicocele and impaired spermatogenesis persisting beyond 18 years old.