Gender differences in affiliation and instrumentality across adulthood.

This secondary data analysis tests the hypothesis that gender differences decline across adulthood. Six measures tapping 3 dimensions of affiliation and instrumentality were selected from the cross-sectional sample surveys of The Quality of American Life (1971) and Americans View Their Mental Health (1976). In both studies, approximately 2,200 adults who had been selected from probability samples of households in the continental United States were interviewed. For each measure, the variance explained by age, sex, and Age x Sex interaction terms was compared with the variance explained by age and sex alone. The addition of the interaction terms does not significantly increase the R2 for any of the measures, arguing against a late-life convergence of men's and women's orientations. Although the release from active parenting has been proposed as a basis for declining gender differentiation, limiting the analyses to respondents with children does not change this conclusion.