IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation.

The immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) suppresses T-cell responses and promotes immune tolerance in mammalian pregnancy, tumour resistance, chronic infection, autoimmunity and allergic inflammation. 'Reverse signalling' and 'non-canonical activation' of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) characterize the peculiar events that occur in dendritic cells when T-cell-engaged ligands work as signalling receptors and culminate in the induction of IDO expression by dendritic cells in an inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase-alpha (IKKalpha)-dependent manner. In this Opinion article, we propose that IDO acts as a bridge between dendritic cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells, and that regulatory T cells use reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation for effector function and self-propagation. This mechanism may also underlie the protective function of glucocorticoids in pathological conditions.