Transfer of biologically derived nanometer-scale patterns to smooth substrates.

Atomic force microscopy has been used to measure the surface profile of a periodic array of 10-nanometer (nm)-diameter holes fabricated by fast-atom beam milling of a smooth graphite surface in which a 3.5-nm-thick titanium oxide screen was used as a mask. The nanostructured titanium oxide mask was itself derived from a protein crystal template. Pattern transfer from the biological crystal to the metal oxide film and finally to the graphite substrate was accomplished entirely by parallel processing.