Standard and real-time multiplex PCR methods for detection of trimethoprim resistance dfr genes in large collections of bacteria.

Two multiplex PCR (mPCR) methods were developed to screen large collections of trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli isolates for the most prevalent resistance determinants. Five common integron-carried genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12 and dfrA17) were selected as PCR targets. Primers and conditions for standard mPCRs and real-time mPCRs were selected and tested. Two protocols using essentially the same primer pairs were established. The standard mPCR protocol also included an internal control targeting the E. coli 16S rRNA gene. Both protocols proved to be sensitive and specific for detection of the five selected genes. Screening of three different collections of clinical urinary and blood isolates (n = 368) with the two multiplex methods revealed that the five dfr genes accounted for 75-86% of trimethoprim resistance. The standard mPCR is useful and accessible for most laboratories, while the real-time mPCR requires additional equipment and expensive reagents, but is very convenient for high-throughput screening of large collections of bacterial isolates.