Epigenetic regulation of airway inflammation.

Diverse cellular functions including the regulation of inflammatory gene expression, DNA repair and cell proliferation are regulated by epigenetic changes. Transcriptional co-activators possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, and histone acetylation plays a major role in inflammatory gene expression. Other marks such as histone methylation are also associated with gene induction and gene repression. Recent evidence implicates histone acetylation and methylation as being crucial for the development of tolerance in macrophages and CpG methylation for T regulatory cell development and function. The expression of the enzymes that lay down or remove these epigenetic marks have not been well studied in human airways disease, but reduced HDAC2 expression and activity is reported in lung macrophages, biopsies and blood cells from patients with COPD, severe asthma and smoking asthma. In vitro, inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) often lead to a further induction of inflammatory gene expression. This is not always the case, however, as HATs and HDACs also target non-histone proteins particularly transcription factors to alter their activity. Furthermore, trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, can reduce inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. This effect of HDAC inhibitors may be due to their effects on cell death acting through acetylation of non-histone proteins. The role of epigenetic modifications in inflammatory gene expression and in the control of cell function in the airways is becoming clearer. Targeting specific enzymes involved in this process may lead to new therapeutic agents, in particular, in situations where current anti-inflammatory therapies are currently suboptimal.