Functional analysis of cis-regulatory regions within the dioxin-inducible CYP1A promoter/enhancer region from zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In vitro mutagenesis was utilized to render the various xenobiotic response elements (XREs) within the zebrafish CYP1A promoter/enhancer region non-functional either independently or in combination. Reporter gene assays revealed that only XRE4, XRE7, and XRE8 contributed to maximal TCDD-mediated induction of luciferase and that the contribution of each XRE to maximal induction was not equal. XRE4 and XRE7 were capable of functioning independently, while XRE8 alone could not support TCDD-mediated induction but was required for the ability of XRE4 and XRE7 to support maximal induction. These results were observed in cell lines derived from human, mouse and zebrafish. Mutagenesis of 3' nucleotides flanking the non-functional XRE5, and functional XRE4 did not alter the function of these XREs in cell culture. In silico analyses revealed the presence of putative Sp1, AP2, CREB, and two HNF-3 transcription factor binding sites that were localized to common positions within the enhancer region of both the mouse and zebrafish CYP1A genes. In vitro mutagenesis of the binding sites showed that loss of the Sp1 or AP2 sites had minimal impact on TCDD-mediated gene induction while loss of the putative CREB site resulted in a modest decrease in basal and inducible activity and mutation of the HNF-3 reduced inducible activity by >90% of controls. Collectively, these findings suggest that the presence of XREs is not the sole determinant for regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-mediated gene and do not function in an additive manner.