Epistasis between hyperglycemic QTLs revealed in a double congenic of the OLETF rat.

Glucose homeostasis is believed to be regulated by multiple genetic components, in addition to numerous external factors. It is therefore crucial to dissect and understand what roles each causative gene plays in maintaining proper glucose metabolism. In OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rat, a model of polygenic type 2 diabetes, at least 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing plasma glucose levels were identified. In congenic strains some of the OLETF allelic variants were shown to increase glucose levels. In this study the focus was on two of the hyperglycemic loci, Nidd1/of and Nidd2/of. Congenic rats possessing OLETF genome fragment at either locus showed similar levels of mild hyperglycemia. A newly established double congenic rat showed a further aggravation of hyperglycemia. The Nidd1/of locus was also shown to function in the reduction of plasma leptin levels and fat weights, while the Nidd2/of locus led to increased plasma insulin and fat weights. Interestingly, both plasma leptin and fat weights reverted to the control levels in the double congenic rat. These results indicate that there is an epistatic interaction between the two loci. However, it is unlikely that the abnormal level of enhanced glucose homeostasis is mediated, at least not directly, by leptin or fat mass.