BACKGROUND: A recent analysis indicates that the excess odds ratio for lung cancer by smoking is described by a function that is linear in pack-years and exponential in the logarithm of smoking intensity and its square (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:517-523). The model suggests that below 15-20 cigarettes per day there is a "direct exposure rate" effect, ie, the excess odds ratio per pack-year for higher intensity (and shorter duration) smokers is greater than for lower-intensity (and longer duration) smokers. Above 20 cigarettes per day, there is an "inverse-exposure-rate" effect, ie, the excess odds ratio per pack-year for higher intensity smokers is smaller than for lower-intensity smokers. METHODS: Using pooled data from 2 large case-control studies of lung cancer (the European Smoking and Health Study and the German Radon Study), we evaluated effect modification of the association between smoking and lung cancer. RESULTS: Interaction effects are very specific. Variations in risk of lung cancer with years since cessation of smoking, age, method of inhalation, and type of cigarette result from interactions with smoking intensity, and not total pack-years. In contrast, risk variations by sex result from the interaction with total pack-years, while intensity effects are homogeneous. Risk variations by age at which smoking started result from interactions with both total pack-years and intensity. All intensity interactions are homogeneous across studies. CONCLUSIONS: The specificity of the interactions may provide clues for the molecular basis of the smoking and lung cancer relationship.
BACKGROUND: A recent analysis indicates that the excess odds ratio for lung cancer by smoking is described by a function that is linear in pack-years and exponential in the logarithm of smoking intensity and its square (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:517-523). The model suggests that below 15-20 cigarettes per day there is a "direct exposure rate" effect, ie, the excess odds ratio per pack-year for higher intensity (and shorter duration) smokers is greater than for lower-intensity (and longer duration) smokers. Above 20 cigarettes per day, there is an "inverse-exposure-rate" effect, ie, the excess odds ratio per pack-year for higher intensity smokers is smaller than for lower-intensity smokers. METHODS: Using pooled data from 2 large case-control studies of lung cancer (the European Smoking and Health Study and the German Radon Study), we evaluated effect modification of the association between smoking and lung cancer. RESULTS: Interaction effects are very specific. Variations in risk of lung cancer with years since cessation of smoking, age, method of inhalation, and type of cigarette result from interactions with smoking intensity, and not total pack-years. In contrast, risk variations by sex result from the interaction with total pack-years, while intensity effects are homogeneous. Risk variations by age at which smoking started result from interactions with both total pack-years and intensity. All intensity interactions are homogeneous across studies. CONCLUSIONS: The specificity of the interactions may provide clues for the molecular basis of the smoking and lung cancer relationship.
Authors: Jelle Vlaanderen; Lützen Portengen; Joachim Schüz; Ann Olsson; Beate Pesch; Benjamin Kendzia; Isabelle Stücker; Florence Guida; Irene Brüske; Heinz-Erich Wichmann; Dario Consonni; Maria Teresa Landi; Neil Caporaso; Jack Siemiatycki; Franco Merletti; Dario Mirabelli; Lorenzo Richiardi; Per Gustavsson; Nils Plato; Karl-Heinz Jöckel; Wolfgang Ahrens; Hermann Pohlabeln; Adonina Tardón; David Zaridze; John K Field; Andrea 't Mannetje; Neil Pearce; John McLaughlin; Paul Demers; Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska; Jolanta Lissowska; Peter Rudnai; Eleonora Fabianova; Rodica Stanescu Dumitru; Vladimir Bencko; Lenka Foretova; Vladimir Janout; Paolo Boffetta; Francesco Forastiere; Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Susan Peters; Thomas Brüning; Hans Kromhout; Kurt Straif; Roel Vermeulen Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2013-12-18 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Taraneh Taghavi; Maria Novalen; Caryn Lerman; Tony P George; Rachel F Tyndale Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2018-05-31 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Dalsu Baris; Margaret R Karagas; Castine Verrill; Alison Johnson; Angeline S Andrew; Carmen J Marsit; Molly Schwenn; Joanne S Colt; Sai Cherala; Claudine Samanic; Richard Waddell; Kenneth P Cantor; Alan Schned; Nathaniel Rothman; Jay Lubin; Joseph F Fraumeni; Robert N Hoover; Karl T Kelsey; Debra T Silverman Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2009-11-16 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: Chris R E Coggins; E Lenn Murrelle; Richard A Carchman; Christian Heidbreder Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Date: 2009-10-03 Impact factor: 4.530
Authors: Shannon M Lynch; Alina Vrieling; Jay H Lubin; Peter Kraft; Julie B Mendelsohn; Patricia Hartge; Federico Canzian; Emily Steplowski; Alan A Arslan; Myron Gross; Kathy Helzlsouer; Eric J Jacobs; Andrea LaCroix; Gloria Petersen; Wei Zheng; Demetrius Albanes; Laufey Amundadottir; Sheila A Bingham; Paolo Boffetta; Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault; Stephen J Chanock; Sandra Clipp; Robert N Hoover; Kevin Jacobs; Karen C Johnson; Charles Kooperberg; Juhua Luo; Catherine Messina; Domenico Palli; Alpa V Patel; Elio Riboli; Xiao-Ou Shu; Laudina Rodriguez Suarez; Gilles Thomas; Anne Tjønneland; Geoffrey S Tobias; Elissa Tong; Dimitrios Trichopoulos; Jarmo Virtamo; Weimin Ye; Kai Yu; Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquette; H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Rachael Z Stolzenberg-Solomon Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2009-06-26 Impact factor: 4.897