Factors affecting spinal cord stimulation outcome in chronic benign pain with suggestions to improve success rate.

For patient selection, psychological factors like fear avoidance, depression, secondary gain or refusal to be weaned off narcotics should be avoided. Trial Stimulation is an important tool to reduce the rate of failed permanent implants, and to improve cost-effectiveness. The etiology of pain has a strong influence on the success rate. The success rate is inversely proportional to the time interval from the initial onset of symptoms to the time of implantation. Multi-polar and multi-channel systems improve the long-term reliability and success rate and have proven to reduce the incidence of open surgery in case of electrode displacement. Third party coverage like the Worker's Compensation negatively affects the long term success. Reducing the complication rate directly benefits long term success rates. The electrode fracture rate can be reduced by using the paramedian approach, the use of three wing silicone anchor placed immediately at the point of exit of the lead from the deep fascia and avoiding a hard plastic twist lock anchor. The displacements can be reduced by fixing the anchor to the deep fascia firmly, supplemented by the use of silicone glue, and by placing the implantable pulse generator (IPG) in the abdominal wall, instead of the gluteal region. The use of prophylactic antibiotics tends to reduce the infection rate.