Nuclear import of c-Jun is mediated by multiple transport receptors.

c-Jun and c-Fos are major components of the transcriptional complex AP-1. Here, we investigate the nuclear import pathway(s) of the transcription factor c-Jun. c-Jun bound specifically to the nuclear import receptors importin beta, transportin, importin 5, importin 7, importin 9, and importin 13. In digitonin-permeabilized cells, importin beta, transportin, importin 7, and importin 9 promoted efficient import of c-Jun into the nucleus. Importin alpha, by contrast, inhibited nuclear import of c-Jun in vitro. A single basic region preceding the leucine zipper of c-Jun functions as a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and was required for interaction with all tested import receptors. In vivo, nuclear import of a c-Jun reporter protein lacking the leucine zipper strictly depended on this NLS. In a leucine zipper-dependent manner, c-Jun with mutations in its NLS was still imported into the nucleus in a complex with endogenous leucine zipper proteins or, for example, with cotransfected c-Fos. Together, these results explain the highly efficient nuclear import of the transcription factor c-Jun.