BACKGROUND: Pain is the most common discomfort experienced by children undergoing major operations. It is most often not adequately treated because of inexperience and unfounded fears related to the use of opioid drugs. In adults, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is widely administered, while in children, its use with opioid drugs is still under evaluation for safety and efficacy. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an opioid drug (fentanil) administered by PCA associated with a sedative-adjuvant drug (midazolam) administered by continuous infusion in children having undergone major neurosurgical procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen children with moderate to severe postoperative pain were treated with fentanil by PCA (booster doses of 1 microg/kg) plus continuous infusion of midazolam (2 microg/kg per min) by an intravenous route. To evaluate safety and efficacy of this analgesic protocol, different subjective and objective parameters were monitored at 4-h intervals. In addition, patients' satisfaction was assessed by a questionnaire at the end of the treatment. MAIN RESULTS: All children experienced a good degree of analgesia and did not require any other analgesic drug during the treatment. Both subjective and objective parameters improved after starting pain-relieving treatment, and no major side effects occurred. The analysis of the answers of the questionnaire administered to the children showed a high grade of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: PCA with fentanil plus continuous infusion of midazolam is a safe and efficacious method for analgesia in children with moderate to severe postoperative neurosurgical pain. The association of midazolam to fentanil also contributes to control anxiety and stress in this subset of patients and does not show any important side effects.
BACKGROUND:Pain is the most common discomfort experienced by children undergoing major operations. It is most often not adequately treated because of inexperience and unfounded fears related to the use of opioid drugs. In adults, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is widely administered, while in children, its use with opioid drugs is still under evaluation for safety and efficacy. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an opioid drug (fentanil) administered by PCA associated with a sedative-adjuvant drug (midazolam) administered by continuous infusion in children having undergone major neurosurgical procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen children with moderate to severe postoperative pain were treated with fentanil by PCA (booster doses of 1 microg/kg) plus continuous infusion of midazolam (2 microg/kg per min) by an intravenous route. To evaluate safety and efficacy of this analgesic protocol, different subjective and objective parameters were monitored at 4-h intervals. In addition, patients' satisfaction was assessed by a questionnaire at the end of the treatment. MAIN RESULTS: All children experienced a good degree of analgesia and did not require any other analgesic drug during the treatment. Both subjective and objective parameters improved after starting pain-relieving treatment, and no major side effects occurred. The analysis of the answers of the questionnaire administered to the children showed a high grade of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: PCA with fentanil plus continuous infusion of midazolam is a safe and efficacious method for analgesia in children with moderate to severe postoperative neurosurgical pain. The association of midazolam to fentanil also contributes to control anxiety and stress in this subset of patients and does not show any important side effects.
Authors: Dae Seong Kim; Gill Hoi Koo; Hyun Kang; Chong Wha Baek; Yong Hun Jung; Young Cheol Woo; Jin Yun Kim; Sun Gyoo Park Journal: Korean J Anesthesiol Date: 2012-04-23