BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer incidence rates are consistently lower in women than men in both high and low-risk regions worldwide. Sex hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, may protect women against gastric cancer. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of menstrual and reproductive factors and gastric cancer risk. METHODS: These associations were prospectively investigated in 73 442 Shanghai women. After 419 260 person-years of follow-up, 154 women were diagnosed with gastric cancer. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, body mass index, education, income, and cigarette use. RESULTS: No associations were observed between gastric cancer risk and age of menarche, number of children, breast feeding, or oral contraceptive use. In contrast, associations were observed with age of menopause (HR 0.80 per five-year increase in menopausal age, 95% CI 0.66-0.97), years of fertility (participants with less than 30 years of fertility were at increased risk compared with those with 30-36 years of fertility, HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.25-2.90), years since menopause (HR 1.26 per five years, 95% CI 1.03-1.53), and intrauterine device use (HR for users 1.61, 95% CI 1.08-2.39). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that female hormones play a protective role in gastric cancer risk.
BACKGROUND:Gastric cancer incidence rates are consistently lower in women than men in both high and low-risk regions worldwide. Sex hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, may protect women against gastric cancer. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of menstrual and reproductive factors and gastric cancer risk. METHODS: These associations were prospectively investigated in 73 442 Shanghai women. After 419 260 person-years of follow-up, 154 women were diagnosed with gastric cancer. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, body mass index, education, income, and cigarette use. RESULTS: No associations were observed between gastric cancer risk and age of menarche, number of children, breast feeding, or oral contraceptive use. In contrast, associations were observed with age of menopause (HR 0.80 per five-year increase in menopausal age, 95% CI 0.66-0.97), years of fertility (participants with less than 30 years of fertility were at increased risk compared with those with 30-36 years of fertility, HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.25-2.90), years since menopause (HR 1.26 per five years, 95% CI 1.03-1.53), and intrauterine device use (HR for users 1.61, 95% CI 1.08-2.39). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that female hormones play a protective role in gastric cancer risk.
Authors: D Palli; F Cipriani; A Decarli; M Galli; C Saieva; J F Fraumeni; W J Blot; E Buiatti Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 1994-03-15 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: A Kominea; P A Konstantinopoulos; N Kapranos; G Vandoros; M Gkermpesi; P Andricopoulos; S Artelaris; S Savva; I Varakis; G Sotiropoulou-Bonikou; A G Papavassiliou Journal: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol Date: 2004-02-13 Impact factor: 4.553
Authors: Carlos A González; Guillem Pera; Antonio Agudo; Domenico Palli; Vittorio Krogh; Paolo Vineis; Rosario Tumino; Salvatore Panico; Göran Berglund; Henrik Simán; Olof Nyrén; Asa Agren; Carmen Martinez; Miren Dorronsoro; Aurelio Barricarte; María J Tormo; Jose R Quiros; Naomi Allen; Sheila Bingham; Nicholas Day; Antony Miller; Gabriele Nagel; Heiner Boeing; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjonneland; H Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita; Hendriek C Boshuizen; Petra Peeters; Mattijs Numans; François Clavel-Chapelon; Ishaki Helen; Emmanuel Agapitos; Eiliv Lund; Michael Fahey; Rodolfo Saracci; Rudolf Kaaks; Elio Riboli Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2003-11-20 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Neal D Freedman; Jiyoung Ahn; Lifang Hou; Jolanta Lissowska; Witold Zatonski; Meredith Yeager; Stephen J Chanock; Wong Ho Chow; Christian C Abnet Journal: Carcinogenesis Date: 2008-11-17 Impact factor: 4.944
Authors: Dongyun Yang; Andrew Hendifar; Cosima Lenz; Kayo Togawa; Felicitas Lenz; Georg Lurje; Alexandra Pohl; Thomas Winder; Yan Ning; Susan Groshen; Heinz-Josef Lenz Journal: J Gastrointest Oncol Date: 2011-06
Authors: Masahiro Ohtani; Zhongming Ge; Alexis García; Arlin B Rogers; Sureshkumar Muthupalani; Nancy S Taylor; Shilu Xu; Koichiro Watanabe; Yan Feng; Robert P Marini; Mark T Whary; Timothy C Wang; James G Fox Journal: Carcinogenesis Date: 2011-05-11 Impact factor: 4.944
Authors: Neal D Freedman; James V Lacey; Albert R Hollenbeck; Michael F Leitzmann; Arthur Schatzkin; Christian C Abnet Journal: Cancer Date: 2010-03-15 Impact factor: 6.860
Authors: M Constanza Camargo; Yasuyuki Goto; Jovanny Zabaleta; Douglas R Morgan; Pelayo Correa; Charles S Rabkin Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2011-10-25 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Gonda Konings; Linda Brentjens; Bert Delvoux; Tero Linnanen; Karlijn Cornel; Pasi Koskimies; Marlies Bongers; Roy Kruitwagen; Sofia Xanthoulea; Andrea Romano Journal: Front Pharmacol Date: 2018-09-19 Impact factor: 5.810