Control of end-point forces of a multijoint limb by functional neuromuscular stimulation.

A multivariable feedback controller was designed and tested for regulating the magnitude and orientation of the force vector at the end point of a multijoint limb in contact with an isometric load. The force vector was produced by electrical stimulation of muscles. To achieve arbitrary control of end-point force magnitude and orientation, two coupling issues must be dealt with by the control system. First, there is a geometric coupling between the end-point force vector and joint torques. The amplitude and orientation of the force vector depend on the limb geometry. Second, torques at two joints may be coupled due to activation of muscles that cross them (biarticular coupling). To eliminate the geometric coupling, a transformation of controller error from the Cartesian space to the joint space was employed. A multivariable proportional-plus-integral (PI) control law was used to calculate muscle activation based on the transformed controller error. Centralized and decentralized controls were investigated for decoupling the effects of biarticular muscles. The results obtained from cat experiments showed that the magnitude and orientation of the end-point forces of the cat hindlimb could be regulated by this controller. In the presence of strong biarticular coupling, centralized control yielded better performance than decentralized control during transient responses. Both control strategies could decouple the biarticular muscle at steady state. When no biarticular coupling was present, centralized control sometimes performed worse than decentralized control. This is the first step in the simultaneous control of multiple joints by functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). The controller has broad potential applications in FNS neural prostheses.