Frequency and fidelity of alien chromosome transmission in Gossypium hexaploid bridging populations.

The Australian diploid Gossypium species possess traits of potential agronomical value, such as gossypol-free seeds and Fusarium wilt resistance. However, they belong to the tertiary germplasm pool, which is the most difficult group of species from which to introgress genes into G. barbadense L. and G. hirsutum L. Interspecific triploid hybrids can be generated but they are sterile. The sterility barrier can be overcome using synthetic polyploids as introgression bridges, but whether there is sufficient homoeologous chromosome interaction at meiosis to allow recombination is still an open question. To ascertain, genetically, observable levels of homoeologous introgression, 2 synthetic hexaploid lines (2x G. hirsutum x G. australe and 2x G. hirsutum x G. sturtianum) were crossed to G. hirsutum to generate pentaploid F1 plants that, in turn, were backcrossed to G. hirsutum to generate BC1 and BC2 multiple alien chromosome addition lines (MACALs). Gossypium australe F. Muell. and G. sturtianum Willis chromosome-specific markers were used to track the frequency and fidelity of chromosome transmission to the BC1 and BC2 MACALs. The chromosomal location of the AFLP markers was determined by their distribution among the MACALs and confirmed in parental F2 families. Roughly half the available chromosomes were transmitted to the G. hirsutum x G. australe (54%) and G. hirsutum x G. sturtianum (52%) BC1 MACALs. The BC2 MACAL families again inherited about half of the available chromosomes. There were, however, notable exceptions for specific chromosomes. Some chromosomes were preferentially eliminated, while others were preferentially transmitted. Consistent with the genomic stability of Gossypium synthetic polyploids, the de novo loss or gain of AFLP fragments was rarely observed. While restructuring of the donor G. australe and G. sturtianum chromosomes was observed, this is more likely the result of chromatin loss, and no clear cases of introgression of donor chromatin into the recipient G. hirsutum genome were observed.