Protein folding in vitro and in the cellular environment.

The main concepts concerning protein folding have been developed from in vitro refolding studies. They state that the folding of a polypeptide chain is a spontaneous process depending only on the amino-acid sequence in a given environment. It is thermodynamically controlled and driven by the hydrophobic effect. Consequently, it has been accepted that the in vitro refolding process is a valuable model to understand the mechanisms involved during the folding of a nascent polypeptide chain in the cell. Although it does not invalidate the main rules deduced from the in vitro studies, the discovery of molecular chaperones has led to a re-evaluation of this last point. Indeed, in cells molecular chaperones are able to mediate the folding of polypeptide chains and the assembly of subunits in oligomeric proteins. The possible mechanisms by which these folding helpers act are discussed in the light of the data available in the literature. The folding process is assisted in the cell in different ways, preventing premature folding of the polypeptide chain and suppressing the incorrectly folded species and aggregates. Molecular chaperones bind to incompletely folded proteins in a conformation which suggests that the latter are in the "molten globule" state. However, very little is known about the recognition process.