Preparation and characterization of selenium incorporated anodic conversion coatings on titanium surfaces for biomedical applications.

An anodic spark deposition process was used for preparation of inorganic, glass-ceramic like conversion coatings. The microstructure of the layers was characterized by surface and solid state techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. The porous coatings, typically up to 8 mum thick, consist mainly of titanium oxides and amounts of incorporated electrolyte constituents like Se, Ca or P. Beside nano crystalline anatase phases, a mostly amorphous structure is proposed in which network-forming [PO(4)] tetrahedras and [TiO(6)] octahedras in various degrees of condensation are connected. A drastic modification of the film structure was observed when selenium was incorporated into the glassy oxide structure of the coating. In these cases no nano crystalline phases of titanium oxides or other chemical compounds were detected. First cell culture investigations show a significant improvement of the biological properties. Cell proliferation and TGF-beta-expression of these coatings in comparison with commercial pure titanium (CPT) with native titanium oxide films were examined.