GPCRs signaling directly through Src-family kinases.

A wide range of extracellular signals are transduced by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). When activated by ligands, GPCRs can activate associated heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), which in turn act on various effectors. Increasing evidence indicates that GPCRs also signal independently of heterotrimeric G proteins. Several GPCRs directly interact with Src-family kinases. Here, we discuss the evidence for direct interaction and activation of Src-family kinases by GPCRs and data that suggest that agonist dosage provides a mechanism by which GPCRs can switch between G protein-dependent and G protein-independent signaling.