PPAR-alpha: therapeutic role in diabetes-related cardiovascular disease.

Among individuals with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death, despite the many treatment modalities that have been developed over time. The PPAR family, including PPAR-alpha, play important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis and thus are potential therapeutic targets. Fibrates act upon PPAR-alpha and appear to target the typical dyslipidaemia of diabetes. Several large prospective clinical trials have shown both primary prevention and secondary prevention benefit with fibrates, although they only had small subgroups of patients with diabetes. The first large outcome study to exclusively study those with diabetes was the FIELD study, which showed no reduction in the primary cardiovascular end-point and only some benefit in the secondary end-point. There are many potential explanations for these results; however, it would appear that at present, there is no role for fibrates as monotherapy for the reduction of cardiovascular risk among those with diabetes. However, their potential role in combination with statin therapy remains to be further elucidated with ongoing studies.