Radiogenic lymphangiogenesis in the skin.

The time course of microvascular changes in the environment of irradiated tumors was studied in a standardized human protocol. Eighty skin biopsies from 40 patients with previously treated primary breast cancer were taken from irradiated skin and corresponding contralateral unirradiated control areas 2 to 8 weeks, 11 to 14 months, or 17+ months after radiotherapy (skin equivalent dose 30 to 40 Gy). Twenty-two biopsies of 11 melanoma patients who had undergone lymph node dissection were used for unirradiated control. We found an increase of total podoplanin(+) lymphatic microvessel density resulting mainly from a duplication of the density of smallest lymphatic vessels (diameter <10 microm) in the samples taken 1 year after radiation. Our findings implicate radiogenic lymphangiogenesis during the 1st year after therapy. The numbers of CD68(+) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C(+) cells were highly elevated in irradiated skin in the samples taken 2 to 8 weeks after radiotherapy. Thus, our results indicate that vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression by invading macrophages could be a pathogenetic route of induction of radiogenic lymphangiogenesis.