Use of the newer antiepileptic drugs in pediatric epilepsies.

Children with epilepsy, particularly infants, differ from adults not only in the clinical manifestations of their seizures but also in the presence of unique electroencephalographic patterns, etiologies, and response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). There is a growing list of newer AEDs and nonpharmacologic therapies available to manage childhood epilepsy. These newer AEDs may not be overall more efficacious than the older drugs, but they do appear to be safer, better tolerated, and to have fewer drug-drug interactions. Selection of the AED for initial therapy must be based upon clinical judgment and patient-specific circumstances, such as the specific epilepsy syndrome being treated, anticipated duration of treatment, presence of comorbidities, ability to use certain formulations, and overall cost effectiveness. In some cases, seizures may be aggravated by the use of certain AEDs. Overall, oxcarbazepine is the first-line treatment for localization-related epilepsy with partial-onset seizures. For generalized epilepsies, the AED choice is highly dependent upon which specific syndrome is being treated. For generalized epilepsies with primarily absence seizures, lamotrigine is the AED of first choice. For mixed generalized epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, zonisamide or topiramate are the first-line agents. For infants with West syndrome, treatment is based upon the underlying etiology: vigabatrin for tuberous sclerosis; adrenocorticotropic hormone for children with no specific etiology uncovered (cryptogenic); and zonisamide for those with a severe symptomatic etiology other than tuberous sclerosis. Single drug therapy (monotherapy) is the goal of epilepsy treatment because this is associated with better compliance, fewer adverse effects, and lower cost. If the seizures prove intractable or adverse effects are encountered with the first AED, then a second monotherapy trial is undertaken. Once three appropriate medications at therapeutic doses have failed, other modalities should be considered, including epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, and the ketogenic diet.