INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: This study compares the costs and consequences of three interventions for reducing heroin dependency: pharmacotherapy maintenance, residential rehabilitation and prison. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using Australian data, the interventions' cost - consequence ratio was estimated, taking into consideration reduction in heroin use during the intervention; the length of intervention; and post-intervention effects (as measured by abstinence rates). Sensitivity analyses were conducted, including varying the magnitude and duration of treatment effects, and ascribing positive outcomes only to treatment completers. A hybrid model that combined pharmacotherapy maintenance with a prison term was also considered. RESULTS: If the post-programme abstinence rates are sustained for 2 years, then for an average heroin user the cost of averting a year of heroin use is approximately AUD$5000 for pharmacotherapy maintenance, AUD$11,000 for residential rehabilitation and AUD$52 000 for prison. Varying the parameters does not change the ranking of the programmes. If the completion rate in pharmacotherapy maintenance was raised above 95% (by the threat of prison for non-completers), the combined model of treatment plus prison may become the most cost-effective option. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Relative performance in terms of costs and consequences is an important consideration in the policy decision-making process, and quantitative data such as those reported herein can provide insights pertinent to evidence-based policy.
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: This study compares the costs and consequences of three interventions for reducing heroin dependency: pharmacotherapy maintenance, residential rehabilitation and prison. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using Australian data, the interventions' cost - consequence ratio was estimated, taking into consideration reduction in heroin use during the intervention; the length of intervention; and post-intervention effects (as measured by abstinence rates). Sensitivity analyses were conducted, including varying the magnitude and duration of treatment effects, and ascribing positive outcomes only to treatment completers. A hybrid model that combined pharmacotherapy maintenance with a prison term was also considered. RESULTS: If the post-programme abstinence rates are sustained for 2 years, then for an average heroin user the cost of averting a year of heroin use is approximately AUD$5000 for pharmacotherapy maintenance, AUD$11,000 for residential rehabilitation and AUD$52 000 for prison. Varying the parameters does not change the ranking of the programmes. If the completion rate in pharmacotherapy maintenance was raised above 95% (by the threat of prison for non-completers), the combined model of treatment plus prison may become the most cost-effective option. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Relative performance in terms of costs and consequences is an important consideration in the policy decision-making process, and quantitative data such as those reported herein can provide insights pertinent to evidence-based policy.