OBJECTIVE: To examine neuropsychological measures among normal individuals that predict time to subsequent cognitive decline. DESIGN: Cognitive performance, as measured by 6 neuropsychological tests, was examined at baseline. Participants were followed up for approximately 5 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the neuropsychological measures at baseline that predicted time to progression from normal cognition to mild impairment. Comparable data also examined time to progression from mild impairment to a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. SETTING: Community volunteer-based sample examined at a medical institution. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and seven individuals who were cognitively normal and 235 individuals with mild cognitive impairment at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to progression from normal cognition to mild impairment and time to progression from mild impairment to a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. RESULTS: The risk of progressing from normal to mild impairment was considerably greater among those with lower scores on tests of episodic memory (eg, hazard ratio for a 1-SD decrease in the California Verbal Learning Test, 0.55; P<.001). Normal individuals who carried at least 1 copy of the apolipoprotein E epsilon2 allele were less likely to develop cognitive impairments over time than individuals with no epsilon2 allele (hazard ratio for presence of allele, 0.13; P = .006). Measures of both episodic memory and executive function were significant predictors of time to progression from mild impairment to a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (eg, hazard ratio for a 1-SD decrease in California Verbal Learning Test score, 0.67; P = .005; hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase in the time to complete part B of the Trail Making test, 1.40; P = .007). Among individuals with mild impairments, the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele increased risk for Alzheimer disease in a dose-dependent manner; however, this effect was not significant within the context of multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS: Episodic memory performance among normal individuals predicts time to progression to mild impairment while apolipoprotein E epsilon2 status is associated with lower risk of cognitive decline among normal individuals. Tests of both episodic memory and executive function are predictors of time to progression from mild impairment to a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.
OBJECTIVE: To examine neuropsychological measures among normal individuals that predict time to subsequent cognitive decline. DESIGN: Cognitive performance, as measured by 6 neuropsychological tests, was examined at baseline. Participants were followed up for approximately 5 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the neuropsychological measures at baseline that predicted time to progression from normal cognition to mild impairment. Comparable data also examined time to progression from mild impairment to a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. SETTING: Community volunteer-based sample examined at a medical institution. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and seven individuals who were cognitively normal and 235 individuals with mild cognitive impairment at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to progression from normal cognition to mild impairment and time to progression from mild impairment to a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. RESULTS: The risk of progressing from normal to mild impairment was considerably greater among those with lower scores on tests of episodic memory (eg, hazard ratio for a 1-SD decrease in the California Verbal Learning Test, 0.55; P<.001). Normal individuals who carried at least 1 copy of the apolipoprotein E epsilon2 allele were less likely to develop cognitive impairments over time than individuals with no epsilon2 allele (hazard ratio for presence of allele, 0.13; P = .006). Measures of both episodic memory and executive function were significant predictors of time to progression from mild impairment to a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (eg, hazard ratio for a 1-SD decrease in California Verbal Learning Test score, 0.67; P = .005; hazard ratio for a 1-SD increase in the time to complete part B of the Trail Making test, 1.40; P = .007). Among individuals with mild impairments, the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele increased risk for Alzheimer disease in a dose-dependent manner; however, this effect was not significant within the context of multivariable models. CONCLUSIONS:Episodic memory performance among normal individuals predicts time to progression to mild impairment while apolipoprotein E epsilon2 status is associated with lower risk of cognitive decline among normal individuals. Tests of both episodic memory and executive function are predictors of time to progression from mild impairment to a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease.
Authors: Ashwin A Kotwal; Philip Schumm; David W Kern; Martha K McClintock; Linda J Waite; Joseph W Shega; Megan J Huisingh-Scheetz; William Dale Journal: Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord Date: 2015 Oct-Dec Impact factor: 2.703
Authors: E E Smith; D H Salat; J Jeng; C R McCreary; B Fischl; J D Schmahmann; B C Dickerson; A Viswanathan; M S Albert; D Blacker; S M Greenberg Journal: Neurology Date: 2011-04-26 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: Laura A Rabin; Colette M Smart; Paul K Crane; Rebecca E Amariglio; Lorin M Berman; Mercé Boada; Rachel F Buckley; Gaël Chételat; Bruno Dubois; Kathryn A Ellis; Katherine A Gifford; Angela L Jefferson; Frank Jessen; Mindy J Katz; Richard B Lipton; Tobias Luck; Paul Maruff; Michelle M Mielke; José Luis Molinuevo; Farnia Naeem; Audrey Perrotin; Ronald C Petersen; Lorena Rami; Barry Reisberg; Dorene M Rentz; Steffi G Riedel-Heller; Shannon L Risacher; Octavio Rodriguez; Perminder S Sachdev; Andrew J Saykin; Melissa J Slavin; Beth E Snitz; Reisa A Sperling; Caroline Tandetnik; Wiesje M van der Flier; Michael Wagner; Steffen Wolfsgruber; Sietske A M Sikkes Journal: J Alzheimers Dis Date: 2015-09-24 Impact factor: 4.472
Authors: B C Dickerson; T R Stoub; R C Shah; R A Sperling; R J Killiany; M S Albert; B T Hyman; D Blacker; L Detoledo-Morrell Journal: Neurology Date: 2011-04-13 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: Curtis Tatsuoka; Huiyun Tseng; Judith Jaeger; Ferenc Varadi; Mark A Smith; Tomoko Yamada; Kathleen A Smyth; Alan J Lerner Journal: Alzheimers Res Ther Date: 2013-03-06 Impact factor: 6.982