Impedance spectroscopy using maximum length sequences: application to single cell analysis.

A maximum length sequence (MLS) is used to perform broadband impedance spectroscopy on a dielectric sample. The method has a number of advantages over other pulse-based or frequency sweep techniques. It requires the application of a very short sequence of voltage steps in the microsecond range and therefore allows the measurement of time-dependent impedance of a sample with high temporal resolution over a large bandwidth. The technique is demonstrated using a time-invariant passive RC network. The impedance of single biological cell flowing in a microfluidic channel is also measured, showing that MLS is an ideal method for high speed impedance analysis.