Water channel proteins: from their discovery in 1985 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, to the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Water channel proteins, later called aquaporins, are transmembrane proteins that have as their main(specific) function the water transport across biological membranes. The first water channel protein (WCP), now called aquaporin 1, was identified or "seen" in situ (hence discovered) in the human red blood cell (RBC) membrane in 1985 by Benga's group (Cluj-Napoca, Romania). This was achieved by a very selective radiolabeling of RBC membrane proteins with the water transport inhibitor [203Hg]-p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (PCMBS), under conditions of specific inhibition. The presence and location of the WCP was discovered among the polypeptides migrating in the region of 35-60 kDa on the electrophoretogram of RBC membrane proteins. The work was first published in 1986 in Biochemistry and Eur. J. Cell Biol. and reviewed by Benga in several articles in 1988-2004. We have thus a world priority in the discovery of the first water channel in the RBC membrane, that was re-discovered by chance by the group of Agre (Baltimore, USA) in 1988, when they isolated a new protein from the RBC membrane, nick-named CHIP28 (channel-forming integral membrane protein of 28 kDa). However, in addition to the 28 kDa component, this protein had a 35-60 kDa glycosylated component, the one detected by Benga's group. Only in 1992 the Agre's group suggested that "it is likely that CHIP28 is a functional unit of membrane water channels". In 1993 CHIP28 was renamed aquaporin 1. Looking in retrospect, asking the crucial question, when was the first WCP, discovered, a fair and clear cut answer would be: the first WCP, now called aquaporin 1, was identified or "seen" (hence discovered) in situ in the human RBC membrane by Benga and coworkers in 1985. It was again "seen" when it was purified in 1988 and again identified when its water transport property was found byAgre's group in 1992. If we make a comparison with the discovery of New World of America, the first man who has "seen" a part, very small indeed, of The New Land was Columbus; later, others, including Amerigo Vespucci (from whom the name derived), have better "seen" and in the subsequent years many explorers discovered the complexity of the Americas. Consequently, the initial discovery of the first water channel by Benga's group must be properly credited; the omission of Gheorghe Benga from the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (half of which was awarded to Peter Agre "for the discovery of the water channels") was a new mistake in the award of Nobel Prizes. Benga's claim is presented on the web site of the Ad Astra Association (www.ad-astra.ro/benga). As can be seen on this site his recognition as a discoverer of the first water channel protein from the human RBC membrane is growing. Thousands of science-related professionals from hundreds of academic and research units, as well as participants in several international scientific events, have signed as supporters of Benga; his priority is also mentioned in several comments on the 2003 Nobel Prize as presented on the site.