Wine, research and cardiovascular disease: instructions for use.

The results of studies on the role of appropriate wine consumption in the prevention of cardiovascular disease are inconsistent, suggesting that the general approach to the issue needs to be revisited before further research is conducted. A number of points for consideration are raised: (1) the necessity to characterize wine analytically, as the content in important components of wine, such as resveratrol, is influenced considerably by regional factors, such as climate and local oenological procedures; (2) the bioavailability of the components of wine, which appears to be adequate as a broad range of biological effects have been documented at low concentrations that can be achieved by moderate chronic wine consumption; (3) the lack of importance of wine color, as also white wine consumption affords benefit, thanks to its content in the antioxidants caffeic acid, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, which are also found in olive oil; (4) the recommendation by WHO to "investigate the possible protective effects of ingredients other than alcohol in alcoholic beverages".