Trauma sonography for use in microgravity.

Sonography is the only medical imaging modality aboard the ISS, and is likely to remain the leading imaging modality in future human spaceflight programs. While trauma sonography (TS) has been well recognized for terrestrial trauma settings, the technique had to be evaluated for suitability in spaceflight prior to adopting it as an operational capability. The authors found the following four-phased evaluative approach applicable to this task: 1) identifying standard or novel terrestrial techniques for potential use in space medicine; 2) developing and testing these techniques with suggested modifications on the ground (1 G) either in clinical settings or in animal models, as appropriate; 3) evaluating and refining the techniques in parabolic flight (0 G); and 4) validating and implementing for clinical use in space. In Phase I of the TS project, expert opinion and literature review suggested TS to be a potential screening tool for trauma in space. In Phase II, animal models were developed and tested in ground studies, and clinical studies were carried out in collaborating trauma centers. In Phase III, animal models were flight-tested in the NASA KC-135 Reduced Gravity Laboratory. Preliminary results of the first three phases demonstrated the potential clinical utility of TS in microgravity. Phase IV studies have begun to address crew training issues, onboard imaging protocols, and data transfer procedures necessary to offer the modified TS technique for space use.