BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ischemia elicits the rapid release of various amino acid neurotransmitters. A glutamate surge activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, triggering deleterious processes in neurons. Although glycine is a coagonist of the NMDA receptor, the effect of extracellular glycine concentration on ischemic injury remains controversial. To approach this issue, we examined ischemic injury in mice with genetically altered activities of the glycine cleavage multienzyme system (GCS), which plays a fundamental role in maintaining extracellular glycine concentration. METHODS: A mouse line with increased GCS activity (340% of C57BL/6 control mice) was generated by transgenic expression of glycine decarboxylase, a key GCS component (high-GCS mice). Another mouse line with reduced GCS activity (29% of controls) was established by transgenic expression of a dominant-negative mutant of glycine decarboxylase (low-GCS mice). We examined neuronal injury after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in these mice by measuring extracellular amino acid concentrations in microdialysates. RESULTS: High-GCS and low-GCS mice had significantly lower and higher basal concentrations of extracellular glycine than did controls, respectively. In low-GCS mice, the extracellular glycine concentration reached 2-fold of control levels during ischemia, and infarct volume was significantly increased by 69% with respect to controls. In contrast, high-GCS mice had a significantly smaller infarct volume (by 21%). No significant difference was observed in extracellular glutamate concentrations throughout the experiments. An antagonist for the NMDA glycine site, SM-31900, attenuated infarct size, suggesting that glycine operated via the NMDA receptor. CONCLUSIONS: There is a direct correlation between ischemic injury and extracellular glycine concentration maintained by the GCS.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Ischemia elicits the rapid release of various amino acid neurotransmitters. A glutamate surge activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, triggering deleterious processes in neurons. Although glycine is a coagonist of the NMDA receptor, the effect of extracellular glycine concentration on ischemic injury remains controversial. To approach this issue, we examined ischemic injury in mice with genetically altered activities of the glycine cleavage multienzyme system (GCS), which plays a fundamental role in maintaining extracellular glycine concentration. METHODS: A mouse line with increased GCS activity (340% of C57BL/6 control mice) was generated by transgenic expression of glycine decarboxylase, a key GCS component (high-GCS mice). Another mouse line with reduced GCS activity (29% of controls) was established by transgenic expression of a dominant-negative mutant of glycine decarboxylase (low-GCS mice). We examined neuronal injury after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in these mice by measuring extracellular amino acid concentrations in microdialysates. RESULTS: High-GCS and low-GCS mice had significantly lower and higher basal concentrations of extracellular glycine than did controls, respectively. In low-GCS mice, the extracellular glycine concentration reached 2-fold of control levels during ischemia, and infarct volume was significantly increased by 69% with respect to controls. In contrast, high-GCS mice had a significantly smaller infarct volume (by 21%). No significant difference was observed in extracellular glutamate concentrations throughout the experiments. An antagonist for the NMDA glycine site, SM-31900, attenuated infarct size, suggesting that glycine operated via the NMDA receptor. CONCLUSIONS: There is a direct correlation between ischemic injury and extracellular glycine concentration maintained by the GCS.
Authors: Guilhian Leipnitz; Alexandre F Solano; Bianca Seminotti; Alexandre U Amaral; Carolina G Fernandes; Ana Paula Beskow; Carlos S Dutra Filho; Moacir Wajner Journal: Cell Mol Neurobiol Date: 2008-10-02 Impact factor: 5.046
Authors: Christopher M Grochowski; Shen Gu; Bo Yuan; Julia Tcw; Kristen J Brennand; Jonathan Sebat; Dheeraj Malhotra; Shane McCarthy; Uwe Rudolph; Anna Lindstrand; Zechen Chong; Deborah L Levy; James R Lupski; Claudia M B Carvalho Journal: Hum Mutat Date: 2018-05-11 Impact factor: 4.878