The elderly patient and postoperative pain treatment.

The management of postoperative pain in elderly patients can be a difficult task. Older patients have co-existing diseases and concurrent medications, diminished functional status and physiological reserve and age-related pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes. Pain assessment presents numerous problems arising from differences in reporting cognitive impairment and difficulties in measurement. The elderly are also at higher risk of adverse consequences from surgery and unrelieved or undertreated pain. Selection of analgesic therapy needs to balance the potential efficacy with the incidence of interactions, complications or side effects in the post-operative period. Drug titration in the post-anaesthesia care unit should be encouraged together with analgesia on request in the wards. Multimodal analgesia, using acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or other non opioid drugs, is the best way to decrease opioid consumption and thus opioid-related adverse events. Sophisticated analgesic methods like PCA, regional analgesia and PCEA are not contraindicated in the elderly but pain relief and side effects should be monitored.