Mechanogenetic regulation of transcription.

In many biological systems mechanical forces regulate gene expression: in bacteria changes in turgor pressure cause a deformation of the membrane and induce the expression of osmoregulatory genes; in plants gravity regulates cell growth ('geotropism'); in mammals stretching a muscle induces hypertrophy which is accompanied by qualitative changes in protein synthesis. Consequently, the term 'mechanogenetic control' seems to be a suitable common name for all these processes. The mechanism by which mechanical factors modulate transcriptional activity is still unknown. The purpose of this review is to bring together data from different fields in order to obtain a better understanding of the mechanogenetic control of cell growth.