BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) integrate inflammatory and adipose signaling but also have direct vascular effects. We hypothesized that plasma levels of IL-6 and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 (sol-TNFR2) would be related to coronary atherosclerosis beyond established risk factors and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We examined the association of IL-6 and sol-TNFR2 with metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein (CRP), and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in 875 asymptomatic participants in the Study of Inherited Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis. RESULTS: IL-6 levels were 56% higher (p < .001) and sol-TNFR2 levels 16% higher (p < .001) in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared with those without. Both cytokines were associated with CAC beyond age, gender, Framingham risk scores, family history, metabolic syndrome, and CRP (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of higher CAC for 1 SD increase in log-transformed cytokine levels: 1.23 [1.06-1.43], p = .006 for IL-6 and 1.15 [1.01-1.31], p = .04 for sol-TNFR2). In fact, cytokine levels were independently associated with CAC scores in the subgroup with metabolic syndrome and were additive to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in predicting CAC. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma IL-6 and sol-TNFR2 levels were independently associated with CAC, suggesting a role in integrating innate immune and adipose signaling in promoting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. Measurement of their levels may facilitate cardiovascular risk prediction and targeting of therapeutic strategies.
BACKGROUND:Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) integrate inflammatory and adipose signaling but also have direct vascular effects. We hypothesized that plasma levels of IL-6 and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 (sol-TNFR2) would be related to coronary atherosclerosis beyond established risk factors and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We examined the association of IL-6 and sol-TNFR2 with metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein (CRP), and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in 875 asymptomatic participants in the Study of Inherited Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis. RESULTS:IL-6 levels were 56% higher (p < .001) and sol-TNFR2 levels 16% higher (p < .001) in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared with those without. Both cytokines were associated with CAC beyond age, gender, Framingham risk scores, family history, metabolic syndrome, and CRP (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of higher CAC for 1 SD increase in log-transformed cytokine levels: 1.23 [1.06-1.43], p = .006 for IL-6 and 1.15 [1.01-1.31], p = .04 for sol-TNFR2). In fact, cytokine levels were independently associated with CAC scores in the subgroup with metabolic syndrome and were additive to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in predicting CAC. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma IL-6 and sol-TNFR2 levels were independently associated with CAC, suggesting a role in integrating innate immune and adipose signaling in promoting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. Measurement of their levels may facilitate cardiovascular risk prediction and targeting of therapeutic strategies.
Authors: Ginny L Weibel; Denise Drazul-Schrader; Debra K Shivers; Alisha N Wade; George H Rothblat; Muredach P Reilly; Margarita de la Llera-Moya Journal: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Date: 2013-11-07 Impact factor: 8.311
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Authors: Lydia E Beasley; Annemarie Koster; Anne B Newman; M Kassim Javaid; Luigi Ferrucci; Stephen B Kritchevsky; Lewis H Kuller; Marco Pahor; Laura A Schaap; Marjolein Visser; Susan M Rubin; Bret H Goodpaster; Tamara B Harris Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring) Date: 2009-01-22 Impact factor: 5.002