Heme oxygenase induction by cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside in cultured human endothelial cells.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside (C3G) on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS) and dimethylarginine dimethylamino hydrolase-2 (DDAH-2) expression in cultured endothelial cells. Different concentrations (0.00625-250 microM) of C3G were tested in order to investigate possible beneficial and harmful effects of C3G. Our data demonstrated that C3G increased the induction of eNOS and HO-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Higher concentration (62.5-250 microM) also resulted in increase of isoprostane, cGMP and PGE2 levels and in induction of iNOS with consequent oxidative stress. In conclusion, our data evidence that C3G may exert various protective effects against endothelial dysfunction, whereas potentially harmful effects of C3G appear to be limited to concentrations very difficult to be reached in physiological conditions unless there is abundant oral supplementation.